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<title>我国城镇供水总体安全 挑战仍存-行业新闻-绍兴柯桥水务集团有限公司</title>
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<style amp-custom="">
body{font-family:'Roboto', sans-serif; font-size:13px; background-color:#ececec;}
/*Color Schemes and Colors*/
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.color-teal-light{ color: #1abc9c;}
.color-teal-dark{  color: #16a085;}
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.border-green-dark{ border:solid 1px #2abb67;}
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.border-magenta-dark{ border:solid 1px #8e44ad;}
.color-magenta-light{color: #9b59b6;}
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.border-night-light{border:solid 1px #34495e;}
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.color-night-light{color: #34495e;}
.color-night-dark{color: #2c3e50;}
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.skype-bg{ background-color:#12A5F4; color:#FFFFFF;}
.facebook-color{    color:#3b5998;}
.linkedin-color{    color:#0077B5;}
.twitter-color{     color:#4099ff;}
.google-color{      color:#d34836;}
.whatsapp-color{    color:#34AF23;}
.pinterest-color{   color:#C92228;}
.sms-color{         color:#27ae60;}
.mail-color{        color:#3498db;}
.dribbble-color{    color:#EA4C89;}
.tumblr-color{      color:#2C3D52;}
.reddit-color{      color:#336699;}
.youtube-color{     color:#D12827;}
.phone-color{       color:#27ae60;}
.skype-color{       color:#12A5F4;}
/*Background Images*/
.bg-1{background-image:url(/template/amp/images/pictures/1.jpg)}
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/*Font Settings*/
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p a{display:inline;}
/*Content Settings*/
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.container{margin-bottom:30px}
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.one-third-center{float:left; width:29%; margin-left:5%; margin-right:5%}
.one-third-right{float:left; width:29%; margin-left:1%}
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.large-icon{font-size:24px;}
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* {
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div, a, p, img, blockquote, form, fieldset, textarea, input, label, iframe, code, pre {
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}
p{
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	font-weight:400; 
	color:#666666; 
	font-size:13px; 
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}
a{text-decoration:none; color:#3498db;} 
/*Lists*/
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.decoration-margins{margin:0px 20px 30px 20px}
/*Sidebar Design*/
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}
.sidebar-logo em{
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}
#sidebar *{
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#sidebar .menu{
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#sidebar .menu li{
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}
#sidebar .menu li a{
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#sidebar .menu li i {
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#sidebar .menu li:hover{background-color:#headee; transition:all 250ms ease;}
#sidebar .submenu h4{
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#sidebar .submenu h4 i{
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.submenu a{
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}
.submenu a:last-child{margin-bottom:5px;}
.submenu a i{
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.sidebar-copyright{
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}
#sidebar .submenu h4.selected{background-color:#headee;}
.selected{background-color:#headee;}
.sidebar-deco{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.1); height:1px; margin:10px 0px 20px 0px; display:block;}
/*Page Content*/
::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 0; }
/*input[id="toggle-menu"]*/
input[data-submenu-items]{
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   top: -9999px;
   left: -9999px;
   /* For mobile, it's typically better to position checkbox on top of clickable
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}
.page-content{
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	margin-top:85px;
	margin-bottom:20px;
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}
.page-content-before{margin-top:-55px;}
.page-content-full{margin-bottom:20px;}
.material-effect{
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.material-news{
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}
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}
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	box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	margin-bottom:30px;
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}
.half-material-box-right{
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	margin-left:6%;
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	margin-bottom:30px;
	padding:30px 20px 15px 20px;
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}
.under-material{
	background-color:#FFFFFF;
	margin-bottom:30px;
	padding:0px 20px;
	margin-top:-50px;
	box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	border-top:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.07);
}
.under-material-link{
	float:right;
	font-weight:700;
	text-transform:uppercase;
	height:50px;
	line-height:50px;
	padding-left:15px;
}
.under-material-icon{
	width:43px;
	height:50px;
	line-height:50px;
	float:right;
	font-size:13px;
}
.under-material-icon[type="facebook"],
.under-material-icon[type="twitter"],
.under-material-icon[type="gplus"]{background-image:none; background-color:transparent;}
.under-material-icon[type="facebook"]:before {content: "\f09a";	color:#3b5998;}
.under-material-icon[type="twitter"]:before {content: "\f099"; color:#4099FF;}
.under-material-icon[type="gplus"]:before { content: "\f0d5"; color:#D34836;}
.under-material-icon[type="facebook"]:before,
.under-material-icon[type="twitter"]:before,
.under-material-icon[type="gplus"]:before{
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.body-bg{
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	right:0px;
	bottom:0px;
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}
/*Header*/
header{
	position:fixed;
	height:60px;
	z-index:9999;
	transition:all 250ms ease;
	left:0px;
	right:0px;
	top:0px;
	box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
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.header-clear{height:60px; display:block;}
.header-icon-1, .header-icon-2{
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	display:block;
	font-size:14px;
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}
.header-icon-2{right:0px; top:0px;}
.header-icon-1{left:0px; top:0px; cursor:pointer;}
.header-logo{
  background-image:url(/media/20190820105522J5.png);
	margin-left:45px;
	background-repeat: no-repeat;
	background-position:center center;
	background-size:80px 14px;
	width:100px;
	height:60px;
	display:block;
}
/*Footer*/
.footer{padding-top:20px;}
.footer-logo{
  background-image:url(/media/20190820105522J5.png);
	background-repeat: no-repeat;
	background-size:120px 20px;
	width:120px;
	height:20px;
	display:block;
	margin:12px auto 15px auto;
}
.footer p:last-child{margin-bottom:0px; margin-top:-15px;}
.footer-socials a{
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	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	margin-left:2px;
	margin-right:2px;
	text-align:center;
	float:left;
}
.footer-socials{
	width:265px;
	margin:0px auto 30px auto;
}
/*Call To Action Bar*/
.call-to-action-box a{
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	float:left;
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	font-weight:700;
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	margin-bottom:30px;
}
.news-slider .caption{
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}
.caption{
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	bottom:0px;
	left:0px;
	right:0px;
	height:65px;
	padding-left:20px;
	padding-right:20px;
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
}
.caption h4{
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	color:#FFFFFF;
	line-height:20px;
	margin-top:12px;
}
.caption h3{
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	margin-bottom:5px;
	font-size:16px;
	padding-top:23px;
	line-height:0px;
}
.caption p{
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	color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);
}
/*Staff Slider*/
.staff-slider{
	margin:0 auto;
	display:block;
}
.staff-slider .inner-slide{
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	display:block;
	margin:0 auto;
}
.staff-slider .slide{
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	margin-right:10px;
}
.staff-slider amp-img img{
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}
.staff-slider h2{
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	display:block;
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.staff-slider .amp-carousel-button{
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}
/*Quote Slider*/
.quote-slider p{
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	font-weight:200;
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	margin:0 auto;
	text-align:center;
	line-height:42px;
	font-style:italic
}
.quote-slider em i{
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}
.quote-slider em{
	display:block;
	width:100px;
	margin:30px auto 30px auto;
	color:#f1c40f;
}
.quote-slider a{
	font-size:15px;
	font-weight:700;
	display:block;
	text-align:center;
}
.quote-slider .amp-carousel-button{
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	margin-top:-30px;
}
.social-icons{
	width:150px;
	margin:0 auto;
}
.social-round a{border-radius:50px;}
.social-icons-small{
	width:95px;
	margin:0 auto;
}
.social-icons a{
	line-height:35px;
	width:35px;
	height:35px;
	margin-left:10px;
	margin-right:5px;
	float:left;
	font-size:12px;
	text-align:center;
}
.social-icons-small a{
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	width:35px;
	height:35px;
	margin-left:5px;
	margin-right:5px;
	float:left;
	text-align:center;
	display:inline-block;
}
/*Large Link*/
.large-link{
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	height:50px;
	line-height:50px;
	color:#000000;
	border-bottom:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}
.large-link .fa-angle-right{
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	right:0px;
	height:50px;
	line-height:50px;
	text-align:center;
}
.large-link i:last-child{margin-right:10px; width:20px; text-align:center;}
/*Heading Block*/
.heading-box{padding:35px 20px 10px 20px; margin-bottom:30px;}
.heading-box h3{margin-bottom:-5px; position:relative; z-index:10;}
.heading-box p{position:relative; z-index:10;}
.page-title{margin-bottom:-60px;}
.heading-block{
	padding:30px 20px;
	margin-bottom:30px;
}
.heading-block h4{
	font-size:20px;
	position:relative;
	z-index:10;
	color:#FFFFFF;
}
.heading-block p{
	position:relative;
	z-index:10;
	color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);
	margin-bottom:0px;
}
.heading-block a{
	z-index:10;
	width:100px;
	height:10px;
	line-height:10px;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	text-align:center;
	font-size:12px;
	margin:20px auto 0px auto;
	border:solid 1px rgba(255,255,255,0.5);
	border-radius:5px;
    display:block;
	text-transform: uppercase;
	font-weight:800;
}
.icon-heading h4{
	padding-left:90px;
	font-size:15px;
}
.icon-heading p{
	line-height:24px;
	padding-left:90px;
}
.icon-heading i{
	border-radius:10px;
	position:absolute;
	width:70px;
	height:70px;
	line-height:70px;
	margin-top:5px;
	text-align:center;
	font-size:24px;
}
.quote-style h4, .quote-style h5{
	font-weight:300;
	margin-left:25px;
	margin-right:25px;
	text-align:center;
	line-height:40px;
}
.rating{
	width:80px;
	margin:20px auto 20px auto;
	display:block; 
}
/*Half Columns*/
.half-column-left{
	width:45%;
	float:left;
}
.half-column-right{
	width:45%;
	float:left;
}
.center-column-icon{
	font-size:28px;
	text-align:center;
	display:block;
}
/*Gallery*/
.gallery-thumb{
	width:31%;
	float:left;
	margin-bottom:3%;
}
.gallery-thumb p{margin-bottom:10px; line-height:20px; padding-top:5px; text-align:center; font-size:13px;}
.gallery-round .gallery-thumb{border-radius:100px}
.gallery-wide .gallery-thumb-wide{margin-bottom:5px;}
.gallery-wide h4{
	position:absolute;
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);
	color:#FFFFFF;
	z-index:99;
	height:50px;
	line-height:50px;
	margin-top:-55px;
	width:100%;
	padding-left:20px;
	font-weight:300;
	font-size:14px;
	pointer-events:none;
}
.gallery-thumb:nth-child(3n-1){
	margin-left:3%;
	margin-right:3%;
}
/*Splash Page*/
.splash-content .splash-logo{
	background-image:url(/template/amp/images/amp-logo.png);
	background-size:80px 80px;
	width:80px;
	height:80px;
	margin:-30px auto 20px auto;
}
.splash-content{
	position:fixed;
	width:240px;
	height:350px;
	left:50%;
	top:50%;
	margin-top:-140px;
	margin-left:-120px;
}
.splash-button{
	width:130px;
	margin:0 auto;
	text-align:center;
	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	font-size:12px;
}
/*Landing Content*/
.landing-logo{
	background-image:url(/template/amp/images/logo_light.png);
	background-size:130px 35px;
	margin:0 auto;
	height:35px;
	width:130px;
	margin-top:20px;
}
.landing-content{
	width:300px;
	margin:40px auto 30px auto;
}
.landing-content a{
	width:70px;
	height:70px;
	float:left;
	margin:0px 15px 60px 15px;
	border-radius:70px;
	line-height:70px;
	font-size:21px;
	text-align:center;
}
.landing-content a em{
	position:absolute;
	font-size:14px;
	width:70px;
	text-align:center;
	bottom:-60px;
	left:0px;
	right:0px;
	font-style:normal;
}
/*Accordion Styles*/
.accordion h4{
	background-color:transparent;
	border:none;
}
.accordion h4{
	font-size:16px;
	line-height:40px;
}
.accordion h4 i{
	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	position:absolute;
	right:0px;
	font-size:12px;
}
.nested-accordion h4{
	font-size:14px;
}
section[expanded] .fa-plus{	transform:rotate(45deg);}
section[expanded] .fa-angle-down{	transform:rotate(180deg);}
section[expanded] .fa-chevron-down{	transform:rotate(180deg);}
/*Fonts*/
.demo-icons a{
	color:#FFFFFF; 
	width:20%;
	height:50px;
	float:left;
}
.demo-icons a i{
	color:#1f1f1f; 
	font-size:21px;
	width:50px;
	height:50px; 
	float:left; 
	text-align:center; 
	overflow:hidden;
}
/*User Notifications*/
.user-notification{
	text-align:left;
	padding-top:5px;
	padding-left:10px;
	padding-right:10px;
	background-color:#27ae60;
	height:50px;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	font-size:12px;
	line-height:24px;
	width:70%;
	float:left;
}
.user-notification button{
	background-color:#27ae60;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	height:55px;
	position:fixed;
	right:0px;
	bottom:0px;
	width:25%;
}
/*Inputs*/
.text-input{
	height:45px;
	line-height:45px;
	text-indent: 10px;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	display:block;
	width:100%;
	font-size:12px;
}
.input-icon-field{
	height:45px;
	line-height:45px;
	text-indent: 50px;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	display:block;
	width:100%;
	font-size:12px;
}
.input-icon i{
	position:absolute;
	z-index:9;
	height:45px;
	line-height:45px;
	text-align:center;
	width:45px;
	color:#666666;
}
.select-style {
    border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
    width: 100%;
	height:45px;
	display:block;
    border-radius: 3px;
    overflow: hidden;
    background: #FFFFFF url("data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDwAUAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAAPABQAAAIXjI+py+0Po5wH2HsXzmw//lHiSJZmUAAAOw==") no-repeat 95% 50%;
}
.select-style select {
	font-size:12px;
	line-height:35px;
    padding: 5px 15px;
    width: 100%;
    border: none;
    box-shadow: none;
    background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);
    background-image: none;
    -webkit-appearance: none;
}
.select-style select:focus {
    outline: none;
}
/*Dropcaps*/
.dropcaps-1:first-letter{
    float:left;
    font-size:57px;
	padding:14px 15px 0px 0px;
    font-weight:800;
    color:#1f1f1f;
}
.dropcaps-2:first-letter{
    font-family: 'Times New Roman', sans-serif;
    float:left;
    font-size:42px;
	padding:15px 15px 0px 0px;
    font-weight:800;
    color:#1f1f1f;
}
.dropcaps-3:first-letter{
    background-color:#1f1f1f;
	padding:10px 15px 10px 15px;
	margin:5px 12px 0px 0px;
    float:left;
    font-size:24px;
    font-weight:800;
    color:#FFFFFF;
}
.dropcaps-4:first-letter{
    font-family: 'Times New Roman', sans-serif;
    font-weight:800;
    background-color:#1f1f1f;
	padding:8px 17px 8px 17px;
	margin:5px 12px 0px 0px;
    float:left;
    font-size:20px;
    font-weight:400;
    color:#FFFFFF;
}
/*Highlights*/
.highlight{margin-bottom:10px;}
.highlight span{padding:3px 5px 3px 5px; margin-right:2px;}
ol ul{	padding-left:5px;}
ol, ul{line-height:24px; margin-left:20px;}
.icon-list{list-style:none; margin-left:0px; padding-left:0px;}
.icon-list i{font-size:10px;}
.icon-list ul{list-style:none; padding-left:10px;}
.icon-list ul ul{padding-left:10px;}
/*Blockquotes*/
.blockquote-1{border-left:solid 3px #1f1f1f; padding:10px 0px 10px 20px;}
.blockquote-1 a{text-align:right; margin-top:-20px;  font-size:12px;}
.blockquote-2 .blockquote-image{position:absolute; border-radius:50px;}
.blockquote-2 h5{padding-left:60px;}
.blockquote-2 .first-icon{padding-left:60px;}
.blockquote-2 a{text-align:right; margin-top:-20px; font-size:12px;}
.blockquote-3 .blockquote-image{width:150px; border-radius:150px; margin:0 auto; display:block;}
.blockquote-3 h5{margin:10px 0px 10px 0px;}
.blockquote-3 .ratings{width:100px; margin:10px auto 10px auto;}
.blockquote-3 .ratings i{font-size:18px;}
.blockquote-4 i{font-size:24px; position:absolute; margin-top:10px;}
.blockquote-4 p{padding-left:50px;}
/*Buttons*/
.button{
	display:inline-block;
	padding:13px 20px;
	margin:0px 0px 10px 0px;
	font-size:12px;
	transition:all 250ms ease;
}
.button-3d{
	display:inline-block;
	padding:12px 20px;
	margin:0px 0px 10px 0px;
	font-size:12px;
	transition:all 250ms ease;
	border-right:none;
	border-left:none;
	border-top:none;
	border-width:4px;
}
.button-round{border-radius:30px;}
.button-full{display: block; text-align: center;}
.button-center{width:130px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display:block; text-align:center;}
.button:hover{opacity:0.9; transition:all 250ms ease;}
.icon-square, .icon-round{
	width:40px;
	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	text-align:center;
	display:inline-block;
	margin-left:6px;
	margin-right:6px;
	margin-bottom:10px;
	font-size:14px;
}
.icon-square:hover, .icon-round:hover{opacity:0.9;}
.icon-round{border-radius:45px;}
/*Page 404*/
.page-404 h1{font-size:60px; line-height:70px; margin-top:70px;}
.page-404 a{margin-bottom:100px;}
.page-soon h1{font-size:60px; line-height:70px; margin-top:70px;}
.page-soon h6{font-size:24px;}
.page-soon .social-icons{margin-bottom:100px;}
/*Profile Page*/
.profile-gradient{
    background: -moz-linear-gradient(top,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0.95) 75%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);
    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0.95) 75%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);
    background: linear-gradient(to bottom,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0.95) 75%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);
    filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#00ffffff',endColorstr='#ffffff',GradientType=0);
    height: 250px;
    margin-top: -235px;
}
.profile-overlay .profile-header{margin-top:-80px}
.profile-header h1{font-size:30px;}
.profile-header h6{letter-spacing:2px; opacity:0.5;}
.profile-header h5{font-size:12px;}
.profile-header i{margin-right:10px;}
.profile-header p{font-size:18px;}
.profile-followers a{float:left; width:33%; color:#1f1f1f; font-size:18px;}
.profile-followers em{display:block; font-style:normal; font-size:12px;}
.profile-thumb{margin-top:-50px; width:100px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display:block; border-radius:100px; border-radius:100px; border:solid 3px #FFFFFF;}
/*Timeline 1*/
.timeline-1{overflow:hidden; padding:0px }
.timeline-1 .timeline-deco{
	position:absolute;
	top:0px;
	left:50%;
	width:1px;
	bottom:0px;
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
}
.timeline-1 .timeline-icon{
	width:60px;
	height:60px;
	border-radius:60px;
	line-height:60px;
	text-align:center;
	font-size:18px;
	background-color:#FFFFFF;
	box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	margin:0px auto 30px auto;
}
.timeline-1 .container{background-color:#FFFFFF; padding:30px 20px 20px 20px; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}
.timeline-2{overflow:hidden; padding:50px 20px 0px 20px; margin-top:-25px; margin-bottom:50px;}
.timeline-2 .timeline-deco{
	top:0px;
	position:absolute;
	left:50px;
	width:1px;
	bottom:0px;
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
}
.timeline-2 .timeline-icon{
	width:40px;
	height:40px;
	border-radius:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	text-align:center;
	font-size:18px;
	background-color:#FFFFFF;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
	margin-left:10px;
}
.timeline-2 .container{
	background-color:#FFFFFF; 
	margin-left:70px;
	margin-top:-60px;
	padding:10px;
	box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}
/*News Slider*/
.news-slider .amp-carousel-button{display:none;}
.news-slider{margin-bottom:10px;}
/*News Thumbs*/
.news-thumbs .news-item{
	min-height:125px;
	color:#1f1f1f;
}
.news-thumbs .news-item .responsive-img{
	width:95px;
	position:absolute;
	margin-top:5px;
}
.news-thumbs .news-item h5{
	margin-left:110px;
	font-size:15px;
}
.news-thumbs .news-item p{
	margin-left:110px;
	line-height:27px;
	margin-bottom:0px;
	font-size:13px;
}
/*News Strip*/
.news-strip{
	background-color:#000000;
	padding:20px 0px 20px 0px;
	margin-bottom:30px;
}
.news-strip h5{
	font-weight:800;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	padding:0px 20px 20px 20px;
}
/*News Cateogry*/
.news-category p{
	display:inline-block;
	padding:5px 25px 0px 25px;
	font-size:13px;
	margin:0px;
}
.news-category div{
	height:5px;
	width:100%;
}
/*News Block*/
.news-blocks .news-item{
	min-height:125px;
	color:#1f1f1f;
}
.news-blocks .news-item h5{
	font-size:18px;
	padding:15px 0px 5px 0px;
}
/*News full*/
.news-full .news-item{margin-top:1px;}
.news-full .news-item h6{
	position:absolute;
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);
	bottom:0px;
	width:100%;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	padding:10px 10px 10px 10px;
}
.news-full .titles{
	position:absolute;
	background-color:#FFFFFF;
	width:250px;
	height:65px;
	margin-top:-65px;
}
.news-full h5{
	font-size:13px;
	padding:10px 20px 0px 20px;
	color:#000000;
}
.news-full em a{display:inline;}
.news-full em{font-size:10px; padding-left:20px; display:block;}
.news-full p{padding:10px 20px 0px 20px;}
.news-full .read-more{
	padding-right:20px;
	text-align:right;
	font-size:12px;
	padding-bottom:30px;
}
/*News Posts*/
.news-post-info{
	font-style:normal;
	font-size:12px;
	padding:5px 0px 15px 0px;
	display:block;
}
.news-post-info a{
	display:inline;
	
}
/*Contact Page*/
.contactField{
	font-family:'Roboto', sans-serif;
	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	line-height:100%;
	width:100%;
	display:block;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	text-indent:10px;
	font-size:13px;
	transition:all 250ms ease;
	margin-bottom:20px;
}
.contactField:focus{
	border:solid 1px rgb(39, 174, 96);
	transition:all 250ms ease;
}
.contactTextarea{
	font-family:'Roboto', sans-serif;
	padding-top:10px;
	min-height:80px;
	line-height:40px;
	line-height:100%;
	width:100%;
	display:block;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	text-indent:10px;
	font-size:13px;
	transition:all 250ms ease;
	margin-bottom:30px;
}
.contactTextarea:focus{
	transition:all 250ms ease;
	border:solid 1px rgb(39, 174, 96);
}
.field-title{
	font-size:13px; 
	margin-bottom:5px;
}
.field-title span{
	font-size:10px;
	color:#cacaca;
	position:absolute;
	right:0px;
	margin-top:2px;
}
.buttonWrap{
	width:100%;
	display:block;
	text-align:center;
	margin-bottom:0px;
    appearance:none;
    -webkit-appearance:none;
}
.contact-icon{
	color:#666666;
	line-height:30px;
}
.contact-icon i{
	color:#1f1f1f;
	width:30px;
}
</style>
<style amp-boilerplate="">body{-webkit-animation:-amp-start 8s steps(1,end) 0s 1 normal both;-moz-animation:-amp-start 8s steps(1,end) 0s 1 normal both;-ms-animation:-amp-start 8s steps(1,end) 0s 1 normal both;animation:-amp-start 8s steps(1,end) 0s 1 normal both}@-webkit-keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@-moz-keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@-ms-keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@-o-keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}</style><noscript><style amp-boilerplate="">body{-webkit-animation:none;-moz-animation:none;-ms-animation:none;animation:none}</style></noscript>
<script type="application/ld+json">
{
"@context": "http://schema.org",
"@type": "NewsArticle",
"mainEntityOfPage":{
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   "@id":"https://www.shaoxingwater.com/amp.php?type=newsinfo&S_id=1045"
},
"headline": "我国城镇供水总体安全 挑战仍存",
"image": {
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   "url": "https://www.shaoxingwater.com/images/nopic.png",
   "height": 800,
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"datePublished": "2012-07-16T08:44:48+08:00",
"dateModified": "2012-07-16T08:44:48+08:00",
"author": {
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   "name": "柯桥水务"
},
"publisher": {
   "@type": "Organization",
   "name": "绍兴柯桥水务集团有限公司",
   "logo": {
     "@type": "ImageObject",
     "url": "https://www.shaoxingwater.com/media/20190820105522J5.png",
     "width": 600,
     "height": 60
   }
},
"description": ""
}
</script></head>

	
<body>		
	<header>
		<button on="tap:sidebar.toggle" class="ampstart-btn caps m2 header-icon-1"><i class="fa fa-navicon"></i></button>
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			<h4 class="news-post-title">我国城镇供水总体安全 挑战仍存</h4>
			<em class="news-post-info half-bottom">in <a href="//www.shaoxingwater.com/amp.php?type=news&S_id=123">行业新闻</a> by <a href="#">柯桥水务</a></em>


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			<p>
				<div class="news_content">&nbsp;来源：经济参考报 
&nbsp;
　　一石激起千层浪。
　　最近一段时间，有关自来水水质合格率的话题引发众人关注。《经济参考报》记者在北京、河南、广东等地采访了解到，我国城镇供水总体安全，但依然面临挑战。
　　专家认为，随着城镇供水设施的升级改造和水源地环境保护措施的不断推进，各地城镇供水水质普遍呈上升趋势。但受供水基础设施整体落后、地下水超采、环境污染严重、检测体系不完善等因素影响，中小城市供水质量堪忧，应引起密切关注。

　　总体安全挑战仍存

　　&ldquo;由于改善水源水质和完善供水设施是解决自来水水质稳定达标的主要途径，而水源水质的改善需要一个较长的过程，而且也可能因污染出现暂时性、局部性的恶化。因此，我国城镇供水安全依然面临挑战。&rdquo;住房城乡建设部有关人士在接受《经济参考报》记者采访时表示。

　　国家有关部门于2006年重新修订颁发了《生活饮用水卫生标准》，将原有的35项水质指标提高到106项，指标限值也更加严格，总体上与发达国家接轨，并要求于2012年7月1日起全面实施。
　　住房城乡建设部城市供水水质监测中心主任邵益生介绍，在这样一个高标准的要求下，为了掌握城镇供水设施是否适应新标准要求，2008年、2009年，住房城乡建设部城市供水水质监测中心组织对全国4457个城镇自来水厂进行了普查，按新的《生活饮用水卫生标准》评价，自来水厂出厂水质达标率与标准要求还有相当差距，其中城市自来水厂出厂水质达标率为58.2%。
　　针对城镇供水设施落后情况，为指导城镇供水设施建设和水质达标改造，2009年，住房城乡建设部编制发布了《城镇供水设施改造技术指南》，各地采取升级改造水厂和管网、强化运行管理、更换水源等措施，积极应对新标准的全面实施。
　　2011年住房城乡建设部城市供水水质监测中心再次会同有关单位、组织国家认可的专业水质检测机构，对占全国城市公共供水能力80%的自来水厂出厂水进行了抽样检测，自来水厂出厂水质达标率为83%。邵益生说，这说明在新标准的引领下，我国城镇供水水质正在逐步提高，我国城镇供水总体安全。
　　不过，住房城乡建设部有关人士坦言，我国城镇供水安全依然面临挑战。

　　中小城市供水质量堪忧

　　从检测数据看，北京的水质不错，但很多居民认为北京的自来水水碱较大。&ldquo;水垢缘于地下水过度开采，就像喝一盆粥，刚开始喝上边的都是稀的，越喝到下边越稠。&rdquo;北京市水务局供水处处长胡波接受记者采访时说。据了解，由于掠夺性开采，北京地下水水位已由1999年的平均12米左右下降到目前的平均24米左右。

　　记者了解到，北京、广州等大型城市的水质较好，但中小城市的水质值得密切关注。北京城市供水主要来自三个方面：市自来水集团各水厂为主的公共供水企业、乡镇集中供水企业和具有自建设施供水的单位。最近发布的《2011年北京市城市供水水质监督检查工作报告》称，2011年北京市上述三种城市供水水质的综合合格率分别为100%、99.7%和97.7%。
　　胡波处长透露，现在北京市的水企在原水中实行地表水和地下水勾兑，尽量减少水碱多的尴尬。按照北京市总体规划，从2014年长江水进京开始，北京将利用三到五年时间，用长江水替换下城区大概800多个自备井，一旦这些自备井关闭，不少市民将会感觉到水质的提高。同时市政管网中的地表水比例也将逐渐增多，到那时候自来水的水质将会有大幅提高。
　　广州市自来水公司介绍，通过水源置换工程建设、水厂升级改造、加强水质监控、规范居民二次供水保洁等有效举措，全面提升了城市的供水水质及供水安全性。2010年11月，广州市中心城区出厂水质提前20个月全面达到国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》的要求。
　　不过，业内人士指出，与这些一线大城市相比，中小城市水质相对更容易出现问题值得关注。原国家海洋局南海海洋工程勘察与环境研究院常务副院长、总工程师李仲钦长期研究水处理问题，他告诉记者，必须正视的是，在省会级城市，水质安全备受关注，也有足够的资金投入保障，近几年来提高得很快，存在问题不多，但真正会出现问题的是中小城市，应该引起高度关注。
　　河南省城镇供水协会一位不愿透露姓名的人士介绍，就河南省内城镇供水安全来说，条件最差的首推县级水厂，其面临的主要问题是管网老化、无钱维护和更新，更谈不上对饮用水进行深度处理，有的甚至连水厂都卖给了私人。他说：&ldquo;从这个角度说，多数县级水厂还停留在保障输水安全的层面，就是尽最大努力防止和避免爆管，水质安全就谈不上了。&rdquo;
　　记者调查发现，和县级水厂相比，河南省18个地级市自来水公司供水安全相对好些，但是整体仍然不容乐观。以省会城市郑州为例，为提高监测水平，自来水公司先后购进了离子色谱仪、气质联用仪、流动注射分析仪、两虫(甲地鞭毛虫、隐孢子虫)检测设备等多台大型分析仪器，建成了全省最为先进的水质监测中心。经过升级改造，2011年郑州市自来水公司初步具备了新国标106项指标的检测手段，而这也是河南省地市自来水公司中唯一的一家。

　　管网&ldquo;最后一公里&rdquo;问题突出

　　业内人士指出，影响城市供水水质的因素主要来自水源、供水管网的&ldquo;二次污染&rdquo;、&ldquo;二次供水&rdquo;造成的管网&ldquo;最后一公里&rdquo;等三个方面。

　　一是水源问题。李仲钦指出，&ldquo;水污染&rdquo;已经成为中国最主要的水环境问题，而且对我们的饮用自来水水质有直接影响。我国城市供水处理技术长期来沿用混凝、沉淀、过滤和消毒四个单元处理过程组成的常规供水处理工艺为主，其理论主要是建立在传统的以粘土胶体微粒和致病细菌为主要去除对象的基础上。随着我国各地区水体污染状况的日趋严峻，源水水质不断恶化，对于微污染水源水因主要含有微量有机物、农药、氨氮等有害污染物，用常规的净化工艺很难去除掉。
　　二是供水管网的&ldquo;二次污染&rdquo;。中国水科院水资源所所长、中国工程院院士王浩表示，由水厂流经管网到水龙头时，水质合格率约下降10%。业内人士介绍，新中国成立之初，由于经济发展条件所限，包括城市基础设施建设只能选择价格较为低廉的材料，自来水管网多采用灰口铸铁管和混凝土管，而这类管材只有50年的使用年限，目前也大多处于寿命的临界点。
　　中国水利水电科学研究院的数据显示，目前我国城市供水管网逾39万公里，灰口铸铁管所占比重较大，部分城市老城区的管网长期超限运行，年限达50年以上的约占全国供水管网总量的6%。有资料显示，有的质量较差的自来水管材，使用寿命甚至不超过5年，埋下地下的后果可想而知，如果施工质量再不达标，无疑更是雪上加霜。
　　三是&ldquo;二次供水&rdquo;造成的管网&ldquo;最后一公里&rdquo;问题。二次供水是指单位或个人将城市公共供水或自建设施供水经储存、加压后，通过管道再供用户或自用的形式。多位业内人士都谈及管网&ldquo;最后一公里&rdquo;的安全很难保障，由于居民小区内的二次供水设施主要由开发商负责，为节省成本偷工减料、懒于维修的情况并不少见。
　　郑州自来水公司宣传处长贺春彪指出，目前二次供水设施的监管成为空白，由此埋下很大隐患。据介绍，目前郑州市共有1000多套二次供水设施，但真正归自来水公司管理的只有五六套，绝大多数都由小区物业负责管理。按照相关规定，二次供水设施每半年至少得清洗一次，但是由于考虑到运行成本，加上不具有相关专业知识，多数小区的二次供水设施长期不清洗。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（记者 赵仁伟 赖臻 张兴军 陈冀）</div>
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