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<title>农民用水自治打通水价改革“最后一公里”——贵州农业水价综合改革透视-行业新闻-绍兴柯桥水务集团有限公司</title>
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.heading-block{
	padding:30px 20px;
	margin-bottom:30px;
}
.heading-block h4{
	font-size:20px;
	position:relative;
	z-index:10;
	color:#FFFFFF;
}
.heading-block p{
	position:relative;
	z-index:10;
	color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);
	margin-bottom:0px;
}
.heading-block a{
	z-index:10;
	width:100px;
	height:10px;
	line-height:10px;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	text-align:center;
	font-size:12px;
	margin:20px auto 0px auto;
	border:solid 1px rgba(255,255,255,0.5);
	border-radius:5px;
    display:block;
	text-transform: uppercase;
	font-weight:800;
}
.icon-heading h4{
	padding-left:90px;
	font-size:15px;
}
.icon-heading p{
	line-height:24px;
	padding-left:90px;
}
.icon-heading i{
	border-radius:10px;
	position:absolute;
	width:70px;
	height:70px;
	line-height:70px;
	margin-top:5px;
	text-align:center;
	font-size:24px;
}
.quote-style h4, .quote-style h5{
	font-weight:300;
	margin-left:25px;
	margin-right:25px;
	text-align:center;
	line-height:40px;
}
.rating{
	width:80px;
	margin:20px auto 20px auto;
	display:block; 
}
/*Half Columns*/
.half-column-left{
	width:45%;
	float:left;
}
.half-column-right{
	width:45%;
	float:left;
}
.center-column-icon{
	font-size:28px;
	text-align:center;
	display:block;
}
/*Gallery*/
.gallery-thumb{
	width:31%;
	float:left;
	margin-bottom:3%;
}
.gallery-thumb p{margin-bottom:10px; line-height:20px; padding-top:5px; text-align:center; font-size:13px;}
.gallery-round .gallery-thumb{border-radius:100px}
.gallery-wide .gallery-thumb-wide{margin-bottom:5px;}
.gallery-wide h4{
	position:absolute;
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);
	color:#FFFFFF;
	z-index:99;
	height:50px;
	line-height:50px;
	margin-top:-55px;
	width:100%;
	padding-left:20px;
	font-weight:300;
	font-size:14px;
	pointer-events:none;
}
.gallery-thumb:nth-child(3n-1){
	margin-left:3%;
	margin-right:3%;
}
/*Splash Page*/
.splash-content .splash-logo{
	background-image:url(/template/amp/images/amp-logo.png);
	background-size:80px 80px;
	width:80px;
	height:80px;
	margin:-30px auto 20px auto;
}
.splash-content{
	position:fixed;
	width:240px;
	height:350px;
	left:50%;
	top:50%;
	margin-top:-140px;
	margin-left:-120px;
}
.splash-button{
	width:130px;
	margin:0 auto;
	text-align:center;
	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	font-size:12px;
}
/*Landing Content*/
.landing-logo{
	background-image:url(/template/amp/images/logo_light.png);
	background-size:130px 35px;
	margin:0 auto;
	height:35px;
	width:130px;
	margin-top:20px;
}
.landing-content{
	width:300px;
	margin:40px auto 30px auto;
}
.landing-content a{
	width:70px;
	height:70px;
	float:left;
	margin:0px 15px 60px 15px;
	border-radius:70px;
	line-height:70px;
	font-size:21px;
	text-align:center;
}
.landing-content a em{
	position:absolute;
	font-size:14px;
	width:70px;
	text-align:center;
	bottom:-60px;
	left:0px;
	right:0px;
	font-style:normal;
}
/*Accordion Styles*/
.accordion h4{
	background-color:transparent;
	border:none;
}
.accordion h4{
	font-size:16px;
	line-height:40px;
}
.accordion h4 i{
	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	position:absolute;
	right:0px;
	font-size:12px;
}
.nested-accordion h4{
	font-size:14px;
}
section[expanded] .fa-plus{	transform:rotate(45deg);}
section[expanded] .fa-angle-down{	transform:rotate(180deg);}
section[expanded] .fa-chevron-down{	transform:rotate(180deg);}
/*Fonts*/
.demo-icons a{
	color:#FFFFFF; 
	width:20%;
	height:50px;
	float:left;
}
.demo-icons a i{
	color:#1f1f1f; 
	font-size:21px;
	width:50px;
	height:50px; 
	float:left; 
	text-align:center; 
	overflow:hidden;
}
/*User Notifications*/
.user-notification{
	text-align:left;
	padding-top:5px;
	padding-left:10px;
	padding-right:10px;
	background-color:#27ae60;
	height:50px;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	font-size:12px;
	line-height:24px;
	width:70%;
	float:left;
}
.user-notification button{
	background-color:#27ae60;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	height:55px;
	position:fixed;
	right:0px;
	bottom:0px;
	width:25%;
}
/*Inputs*/
.text-input{
	height:45px;
	line-height:45px;
	text-indent: 10px;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	display:block;
	width:100%;
	font-size:12px;
}
.input-icon-field{
	height:45px;
	line-height:45px;
	text-indent: 50px;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	display:block;
	width:100%;
	font-size:12px;
}
.input-icon i{
	position:absolute;
	z-index:9;
	height:45px;
	line-height:45px;
	text-align:center;
	width:45px;
	color:#666666;
}
.select-style {
    border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
    width: 100%;
	height:45px;
	display:block;
    border-radius: 3px;
    overflow: hidden;
    background: #FFFFFF url("data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDwAUAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAAPABQAAAIXjI+py+0Po5wH2HsXzmw//lHiSJZmUAAAOw==") no-repeat 95% 50%;
}
.select-style select {
	font-size:12px;
	line-height:35px;
    padding: 5px 15px;
    width: 100%;
    border: none;
    box-shadow: none;
    background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);
    background-image: none;
    -webkit-appearance: none;
}
.select-style select:focus {
    outline: none;
}
/*Dropcaps*/
.dropcaps-1:first-letter{
    float:left;
    font-size:57px;
	padding:14px 15px 0px 0px;
    font-weight:800;
    color:#1f1f1f;
}
.dropcaps-2:first-letter{
    font-family: 'Times New Roman', sans-serif;
    float:left;
    font-size:42px;
	padding:15px 15px 0px 0px;
    font-weight:800;
    color:#1f1f1f;
}
.dropcaps-3:first-letter{
    background-color:#1f1f1f;
	padding:10px 15px 10px 15px;
	margin:5px 12px 0px 0px;
    float:left;
    font-size:24px;
    font-weight:800;
    color:#FFFFFF;
}
.dropcaps-4:first-letter{
    font-family: 'Times New Roman', sans-serif;
    font-weight:800;
    background-color:#1f1f1f;
	padding:8px 17px 8px 17px;
	margin:5px 12px 0px 0px;
    float:left;
    font-size:20px;
    font-weight:400;
    color:#FFFFFF;
}
/*Highlights*/
.highlight{margin-bottom:10px;}
.highlight span{padding:3px 5px 3px 5px; margin-right:2px;}
ol ul{	padding-left:5px;}
ol, ul{line-height:24px; margin-left:20px;}
.icon-list{list-style:none; margin-left:0px; padding-left:0px;}
.icon-list i{font-size:10px;}
.icon-list ul{list-style:none; padding-left:10px;}
.icon-list ul ul{padding-left:10px;}
/*Blockquotes*/
.blockquote-1{border-left:solid 3px #1f1f1f; padding:10px 0px 10px 20px;}
.blockquote-1 a{text-align:right; margin-top:-20px;  font-size:12px;}
.blockquote-2 .blockquote-image{position:absolute; border-radius:50px;}
.blockquote-2 h5{padding-left:60px;}
.blockquote-2 .first-icon{padding-left:60px;}
.blockquote-2 a{text-align:right; margin-top:-20px; font-size:12px;}
.blockquote-3 .blockquote-image{width:150px; border-radius:150px; margin:0 auto; display:block;}
.blockquote-3 h5{margin:10px 0px 10px 0px;}
.blockquote-3 .ratings{width:100px; margin:10px auto 10px auto;}
.blockquote-3 .ratings i{font-size:18px;}
.blockquote-4 i{font-size:24px; position:absolute; margin-top:10px;}
.blockquote-4 p{padding-left:50px;}
/*Buttons*/
.button{
	display:inline-block;
	padding:13px 20px;
	margin:0px 0px 10px 0px;
	font-size:12px;
	transition:all 250ms ease;
}
.button-3d{
	display:inline-block;
	padding:12px 20px;
	margin:0px 0px 10px 0px;
	font-size:12px;
	transition:all 250ms ease;
	border-right:none;
	border-left:none;
	border-top:none;
	border-width:4px;
}
.button-round{border-radius:30px;}
.button-full{display: block; text-align: center;}
.button-center{width:130px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display:block; text-align:center;}
.button:hover{opacity:0.9; transition:all 250ms ease;}
.icon-square, .icon-round{
	width:40px;
	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	text-align:center;
	display:inline-block;
	margin-left:6px;
	margin-right:6px;
	margin-bottom:10px;
	font-size:14px;
}
.icon-square:hover, .icon-round:hover{opacity:0.9;}
.icon-round{border-radius:45px;}
/*Page 404*/
.page-404 h1{font-size:60px; line-height:70px; margin-top:70px;}
.page-404 a{margin-bottom:100px;}
.page-soon h1{font-size:60px; line-height:70px; margin-top:70px;}
.page-soon h6{font-size:24px;}
.page-soon .social-icons{margin-bottom:100px;}
/*Profile Page*/
.profile-gradient{
    background: -moz-linear-gradient(top,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0.95) 75%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);
    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0.95) 75%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);
    background: linear-gradient(to bottom,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0.95) 75%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);
    filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#00ffffff',endColorstr='#ffffff',GradientType=0);
    height: 250px;
    margin-top: -235px;
}
.profile-overlay .profile-header{margin-top:-80px}
.profile-header h1{font-size:30px;}
.profile-header h6{letter-spacing:2px; opacity:0.5;}
.profile-header h5{font-size:12px;}
.profile-header i{margin-right:10px;}
.profile-header p{font-size:18px;}
.profile-followers a{float:left; width:33%; color:#1f1f1f; font-size:18px;}
.profile-followers em{display:block; font-style:normal; font-size:12px;}
.profile-thumb{margin-top:-50px; width:100px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display:block; border-radius:100px; border-radius:100px; border:solid 3px #FFFFFF;}
/*Timeline 1*/
.timeline-1{overflow:hidden; padding:0px }
.timeline-1 .timeline-deco{
	position:absolute;
	top:0px;
	left:50%;
	width:1px;
	bottom:0px;
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
}
.timeline-1 .timeline-icon{
	width:60px;
	height:60px;
	border-radius:60px;
	line-height:60px;
	text-align:center;
	font-size:18px;
	background-color:#FFFFFF;
	box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	margin:0px auto 30px auto;
}
.timeline-1 .container{background-color:#FFFFFF; padding:30px 20px 20px 20px; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}
.timeline-2{overflow:hidden; padding:50px 20px 0px 20px; margin-top:-25px; margin-bottom:50px;}
.timeline-2 .timeline-deco{
	top:0px;
	position:absolute;
	left:50px;
	width:1px;
	bottom:0px;
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
}
.timeline-2 .timeline-icon{
	width:40px;
	height:40px;
	border-radius:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	text-align:center;
	font-size:18px;
	background-color:#FFFFFF;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
	margin-left:10px;
}
.timeline-2 .container{
	background-color:#FFFFFF; 
	margin-left:70px;
	margin-top:-60px;
	padding:10px;
	box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}
/*News Slider*/
.news-slider .amp-carousel-button{display:none;}
.news-slider{margin-bottom:10px;}
/*News Thumbs*/
.news-thumbs .news-item{
	min-height:125px;
	color:#1f1f1f;
}
.news-thumbs .news-item .responsive-img{
	width:95px;
	position:absolute;
	margin-top:5px;
}
.news-thumbs .news-item h5{
	margin-left:110px;
	font-size:15px;
}
.news-thumbs .news-item p{
	margin-left:110px;
	line-height:27px;
	margin-bottom:0px;
	font-size:13px;
}
/*News Strip*/
.news-strip{
	background-color:#000000;
	padding:20px 0px 20px 0px;
	margin-bottom:30px;
}
.news-strip h5{
	font-weight:800;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	padding:0px 20px 20px 20px;
}
/*News Cateogry*/
.news-category p{
	display:inline-block;
	padding:5px 25px 0px 25px;
	font-size:13px;
	margin:0px;
}
.news-category div{
	height:5px;
	width:100%;
}
/*News Block*/
.news-blocks .news-item{
	min-height:125px;
	color:#1f1f1f;
}
.news-blocks .news-item h5{
	font-size:18px;
	padding:15px 0px 5px 0px;
}
/*News full*/
.news-full .news-item{margin-top:1px;}
.news-full .news-item h6{
	position:absolute;
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);
	bottom:0px;
	width:100%;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	padding:10px 10px 10px 10px;
}
.news-full .titles{
	position:absolute;
	background-color:#FFFFFF;
	width:250px;
	height:65px;
	margin-top:-65px;
}
.news-full h5{
	font-size:13px;
	padding:10px 20px 0px 20px;
	color:#000000;
}
.news-full em a{display:inline;}
.news-full em{font-size:10px; padding-left:20px; display:block;}
.news-full p{padding:10px 20px 0px 20px;}
.news-full .read-more{
	padding-right:20px;
	text-align:right;
	font-size:12px;
	padding-bottom:30px;
}
/*News Posts*/
.news-post-info{
	font-style:normal;
	font-size:12px;
	padding:5px 0px 15px 0px;
	display:block;
}
.news-post-info a{
	display:inline;
	
}
/*Contact Page*/
.contactField{
	font-family:'Roboto', sans-serif;
	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	line-height:100%;
	width:100%;
	display:block;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	text-indent:10px;
	font-size:13px;
	transition:all 250ms ease;
	margin-bottom:20px;
}
.contactField:focus{
	border:solid 1px rgb(39, 174, 96);
	transition:all 250ms ease;
}
.contactTextarea{
	font-family:'Roboto', sans-serif;
	padding-top:10px;
	min-height:80px;
	line-height:40px;
	line-height:100%;
	width:100%;
	display:block;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	text-indent:10px;
	font-size:13px;
	transition:all 250ms ease;
	margin-bottom:30px;
}
.contactTextarea:focus{
	transition:all 250ms ease;
	border:solid 1px rgb(39, 174, 96);
}
.field-title{
	font-size:13px; 
	margin-bottom:5px;
}
.field-title span{
	font-size:10px;
	color:#cacaca;
	position:absolute;
	right:0px;
	margin-top:2px;
}
.buttonWrap{
	width:100%;
	display:block;
	text-align:center;
	margin-bottom:0px;
    appearance:none;
    -webkit-appearance:none;
}
.contact-icon{
	color:#666666;
	line-height:30px;
}
.contact-icon i{
	color:#1f1f1f;
	width:30px;
}
</style>
<style amp-boilerplate="">body{-webkit-animation:-amp-start 8s steps(1,end) 0s 1 normal both;-moz-animation:-amp-start 8s steps(1,end) 0s 1 normal both;-ms-animation:-amp-start 8s steps(1,end) 0s 1 normal both;animation:-amp-start 8s steps(1,end) 0s 1 normal both}@-webkit-keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@-moz-keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@-ms-keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@-o-keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}</style><noscript><style amp-boilerplate="">body{-webkit-animation:none;-moz-animation:none;-ms-animation:none;animation:none}</style></noscript>
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"headline": "农民用水自治打通水价改革“最后一公里”——贵州农业水价综合改革透视",
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   "name": "绍兴柯桥水务集团有限公司",
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     "@type": "ImageObject",
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			<h4 class="news-post-title">农民用水自治打通水价改革“最后一公里”——贵州农业水价综合改革透视</h4>
			<em class="news-post-info half-bottom">in <a href="//www.shaoxingwater.com/amp.php?type=news&S_id=123">行业新闻</a> by <a href="#">柯桥水务</a></em>


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　　□本报记者&nbsp; 陶丽琴 肖智勇
　　2013年，一场涉及广大农村群众切身利益的改革&mdash;&mdash;农业水价综合改革让贵定县云雾灌区的农业生产发生了巨大变化：过去破旧淤塞的渠道变得整齐畅通了，&ldquo;有水就用、没水就等&rdquo;的被动种植变成了种地随心、浇地随时，庄稼长得绿油油，每亩地的收入比以前增加了不少。更重要的是，有了灌溉保障，一些田地改种蔬菜瓜果，农民的日子更有盼头了。
　　一直以来，农业水价综合改革难以广泛推进，其原因在于，许多地方农田水利设施不完善，很难提供良好的灌溉服务，一到收水费的时候群众就有意见，水费收不上来也就没钱维护工程。此外，农业水价综合改革涉及千家万户，因素繁多情况复杂，很难由一个部门或单位管得了、管得好&hellip;&hellip;凡此种种，导致这项改革进展缓慢。
　　贵州各地同样如此。省水利厅经过深入调研，问诊把脉后开出治理良方：推行农田水利工程&ldquo;建、管、养、用&rdquo;一体化，农业灌溉的事儿由农民自己办。抓住国家开展农业水价综合改革试点机遇，探索&ldquo;一个工程项目、一次产权颁证，一个用水合作组织、一批管理人员，一套章程制度、一部村规民约&rdquo;的小型水利工程建管体制机制，建立终端水价制度，初步实现了农田水利工程有人管有钱管、农民增产增收、农业发展后劲增强的良好局面，农业水价综合改革也成为农业节水的突破口，受益区范围内农业节水15%。
　　让农民群众成为末级渠系的建管运营主体
　　农业水价综合改革旨在以节水优先为原则，充分发挥水价的杠杆作用，提高用水效率，促进农业节水增效。这项改革既关系到广大农户的切身利益，又关系到灌溉工程的良性运行，同时对加快农业现代化具有重要的推进作用，是一项政策性很强、牵涉面很广的改革。
　　贵州农业水价综合改革有着较好的基础。近年来，该省推行小型水利工程&ldquo;建、管、养、用&rdquo;一体化，凡是新建、续建、改造小型水利设施，从建设到管理，再到养护和使用，从机制上作为一个整体来运行，突出农民的主体地位，也就是&ldquo;自己的事情自己说了算，自己的事情自己干&rdquo;，实现用水自治，确保每一处工程建得成、管得了、养得起、用得好、长受益。
　　&ldquo;统筹推进农业水价综合改革要充分尊重农民群众的意愿。农民群众是农业水价综合改革最重要的利益相关者，要获得农民群众支持，关键是让农业水价综合改革成为农民自己的事情，由农民参与其中并成为真正的主体。&rdquo;贵州省水利厅一位负责人说。按照&ldquo;建、管、养、用&rdquo;一体化机制要求，贵州省在农业水价综合改革试点的路径上，采取&ldquo;一个工程项目、一次产权颁证，一个用水合作组织、一批管理人员，一套章程制度、一部村规民约&rdquo;，主要内容是：完善农田水利灌溉设施，组建农民用水户协会，明晰灌溉设施产权归协会所有，制定管理服务章程，明确各方权利与义务，通过农田水利&ldquo;最后一公里&rdquo;建管体制机制创新，支持改革试点区农业发展、农民增产增收，并实现农业用水&ldquo;总量控制、定额管理、终端计量、完善水价、精准补贴、节水奖励&rdquo;目标。
　　根据&ldquo;建、管、养、用&rdquo;一体化思路，近两年，贵州省全国农业水价综合改革试点县贵定县、惠水县相继投入巨资，分别规划1.56万亩、2.78万亩灌溉面积，进行末级渠系续建配套和节水改造。按照&ldquo;政府引导、群众自愿、依法登记、规范运作&rdquo;原则，成立农民用水户协会，项目区2万名加入协会的群众不仅享受良好的灌溉服务，参与水利工程管理，同时，也要自觉履行维护水利工程和交纳水费的义务。政府和水利部门通过改革，对已有小型水利工程进行确权颁证，把产权移交给农民用水合作组织，并着力把农民用水合作组织培育成末级渠系的产权主体、改造主体和管理运营主体，改变了过去农民在水利工程管理和维修养护上对水利部门的依赖。
　　贵定县在试点项目区通过&ldquo;一事一议&rdquo;组建农民用水户协会，在县水务局下属的片区水务分局指导下开展工作，通过管理权划分，明确管理责任，使每一个工程都形成专业化与社会化相结合的&ldquo;水管单位＋用水户协会＋用水户&rdquo;的分级管理模式，实现了农村水利工程建管脱节到建管一体的转变。
　　贵定县云雾湖灌区农民用水户协会会长林树华对农业水价综合改革前后的变化感触很深，他认为，过去农田灌溉设施投入不足，管养不力，水费计收难度大，工程运行维护缺人缺钱问题十分突出。现在实行&ldquo;建、管、养、用&rdquo;一体化机制，由农民用水户协会作为农田水利设施的主体地位来实施，很大程度上破解了过去农村水利发展中的难题。
　　把水价综合改革作为水利良性发展的突破口
　　&ldquo;我们村原来水利设施不完善，浇地费时费力，交水费时大家都有意见。现在渠修到田里，按户计费，比以前方便划算多了。&rdquo;尽管水费比以前交得多一些，贵定县云雾镇平伐村支书柯庆贤仍对农业水价综合改革赞不绝口。
　　柯庆贤所说的正是试点地区群众的切身感受。此次农业水价综合改革是一项系统性工程，改革之初就让群众看到了改革带来的好处，由此也激发了群众对改革的认同感，也为群众参与改革打下了基础。
　　改革试点县按照&ldquo;补偿成本、合理收益、公平负担&rdquo;的原则，着力建立合理的水价形成机制，并通过用水户代表大会讨论通过水价的收取标准。惠水县涟江试点区是现代高效农业产业园区，农民用水户协会通过召开会员代表大会，确定按照&ldquo;两部制&rdquo;水价的方式测算基本水价和计量水价：每亩每年按工程基本运行成本交纳基本水费20元，再按每立方米0.06元的标准收取计量水费。对于土地较为分散、计量设施不完备的农户，按照每亩每年50元的标准收取水费。
　　贵定县在制定水价过程中，通过召开用水户代表大会进行协商，并针对不同类型的灌溉工程和种植结构进行分类定价：粮食作物水价每立方米0.12元，一般经济作物水价每立方米0.16元，高附加值经济作物水价实行每立方米0.3元。
　　针对用水户众多、居住分散的现实，如何保证水费足额收取？记者在云雾湖灌区采访时了解到，贵定县对有计量设施的灌区，采取&ldquo;先预交费、后用水&rdquo;的方式，由各片区用水组每年4月底前根据灌溉面积及核定的用水定额将用水计划上报灌区管理所，6月底前按照总用水量预交50%的水费， 12月底前进行水费结算。对于没有条件安装计量设施的灌区，每年第四季度收取水费。
　　&ldquo;改革实施前，我们这里基本上收不到水费。灌溉设施长期处于有人用、无人管、无钱管的状态，造成渠道老化失修，工程效率逐年下降。&rdquo;说起那时的水利状况，云雾湖灌区塘满村一位村干部很是感慨。
　　这里被划为试点区后，村干部一家一家去做宣传工作，有些群众不理解，村干部给他们算了一笔账：&ldquo;1方水才2角钱，有2000斤，你们拿水桶挑要挑多少桶？以后还要请专人来管水、管设施，钱收来就是支付工资和维修费用的。&rdquo; 账算明白了，收水费的障碍小了许多。
　　但还是有个别群众不愿交水费，此时，农民用水自治的好处就显现出来了。&ldquo;如果谁用了水不交水费，就拿村规民约来管你，家里有红白喜事全寨人都不去帮忙，信用社评贷款信用等级大家都不去，村里的公章也不给你用。&rdquo;林树华一席话凸显村民自治在保障水费足额收取中的作用。
　　用好水费是保证灌溉工程良性运行的前提，怎样使用水费也由农民用水户协会制定章程来明确。贵定县将水费收入的50%用于支付管水员酬劳，40%用于末级渠系的维修养护，剩余10%作为建设基金。惠水县收取的水费按照4∶3∶2∶1的比例分配支出：40%作为协会管水人员工资，30%作为维修资金，20%作为设备抢修专项基金，10%作为村集体提留。2013年，试点地区收的水费和各项维修管理费用基本持平。
　　&ldquo;农民用水自治形成了农田水利设施有机构管理、有资金维修的新格局，而农民用水户合作组织最终也将走上&lsquo;自我管理、自我服务、自我发展&rsquo;的路子。&rdquo;贵定县水务局局长唐春华对改革的前景充满信心。
　　制定利益机制力促&ldquo;要我节水&rdquo;走向&ldquo;我要节水&rdquo;
　　有数据显示：2013年贵州全省总用水量为92亿立方米，其中农业灌溉用水量达45.87亿立方米，占到了总用水量的49.9%。而农业灌溉用水浪费达56%，25.69亿立方米被白白浪费了。农业节水势在必行。
　　&ldquo;通过农田水利工程改造，农业灌溉条件明显改善，灌区由原来的&lsquo;靠天栽秧&rsquo;变为&lsquo;旱涝保收&rsquo;。灌溉水利用系数由0.45提高到0.65，灌溉保证率由50%提高到80%，项目区年节水23万立方米，相当于500多亩水稻田或2000多亩旱作地的灌溉用水。&rdquo;唐春华所说的正是群众感受到的改革带来的最大变化。
　　在惠水县示范项目区，通过工程设施建设，渠系水利用系数达70%，灌溉保证率达90%，较定额用水状态年节约15%，水价由亩均98元降低到50元，年均为群众节约水费70余万元，粮食生产能力提高10%以上。
　　但节水不仅要靠完善工程设施，同时需要通过每一个用水户的用水行为来实现。为此，贵定县和惠水县设计了一整套制度和措施，来激发农民主动节水的意愿。
　　采取用水总量控制和定额管理约束用水行为。贵定县水务局明确云雾镇农业用水总量控制目标为2800万立方米，分配给试点区云雾湖灌区农民用水户协会1490万立方米。灌区灌溉定额分别为：水稻每亩306立方米，蔬菜根据不同的种植方式每亩从81~150立方米。
　　惠水县明确项目区内农业用水总量上限控制在573.75万立方米, 其中上衙用水专业合作社农业用水总量上限控制在316.99万立方米，崇学控制在256.76万立方米。
　　水用超了怎么办？两个试点县都有明确的累进加价制度。贵定县对超定额用水10%~50%的，在计量水价基础上加价50%；超定额用水50%以上的，在计量水价的基础上加价100%。
　　超定额用水累进加价的措施起到了立竿见影的效果。唐春华说：&ldquo;执行定额供水、计量收费、超额加价的水费制度后，灌区实现亩均节水50立方米以上。&rdquo;地处云雾灌区的塘满村，往年夏季用水高峰后，水库的水基本上用干了，而2014年秋收后水库的水还是满的。
　　节水奖励和精准补贴，让群众分享改革红利，是试点地区激发节水意愿的又一有力措施。贵定县和惠水县明确超定额累进加价水费收入、高附加值作物或非农业供水利润、水权转让收入等作为节水奖励基金的资金来源。贵定县每年从财政拿出100万元以上资金，对促进农业节水的农民用水协会给予奖补，补贴标准为末级渠系维修费的30%；用水户在用水定额范围内每节约1立方米水可获得0.02元奖励。
　　农业水价综合改革不仅给农田水利设施带来了明显改观，也使农业用水管水体系和农民用水行为发生了一次革命性的转变，功在当代，利在千秋。基于对当地水资源条件的深刻认识，以及为未来的发展腾出空间，贵州省各级政府和水利部门正在不遗余力地推动这项改革。作为农业水价综合改革重要载体的省级山区现代水利试点已经由4个扩大到11个，各市（州）因地制宜地开展市（州）级改革试点工作，新建水利工程必须在项目开工前建立起科学合理的水价形成机制。农业水价综合改革正在引领贵州水利迈向节水增效的新征程。
　　来源：中国水利报 
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作者: 陶丽琴 肖智勇&nbsp; 
责任编辑：段玲玲&nbsp;&nbsp;
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&nbsp;</div>
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