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<title>莽山模式：PPP的探索范本-行业新闻-绍兴柯桥水务集团有限公司</title>
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<style amp-custom="">
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/*Color Schemes and Colors*/
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.color-teal-dark{  color: #16a085;}
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.color-night-light{color: #34495e;}
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.skype-bg{ background-color:#12A5F4; color:#FFFFFF;}
.facebook-color{    color:#3b5998;}
.linkedin-color{    color:#0077B5;}
.twitter-color{     color:#4099ff;}
.google-color{      color:#d34836;}
.whatsapp-color{    color:#34AF23;}
.pinterest-color{   color:#C92228;}
.sms-color{         color:#27ae60;}
.mail-color{        color:#3498db;}
.dribbble-color{    color:#EA4C89;}
.tumblr-color{      color:#2C3D52;}
.reddit-color{      color:#336699;}
.youtube-color{     color:#D12827;}
.phone-color{       color:#27ae60;}
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/*Background Images*/
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p a{display:inline;}
/*Content Settings*/
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.one-third-right{float:left; width:29%; margin-left:1%}
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.large-icon{font-size:24px;}
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* {
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div, a, p, img, blockquote, form, fieldset, textarea, input, label, iframe, code, pre {
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}
p{
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a{text-decoration:none; color:#3498db;} 
/*Lists*/
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.decoration-margins{margin:0px 20px 30px 20px}
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.sidebar-logo em{
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}
#sidebar *{
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}
#sidebar .menu{
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}
#sidebar .menu li{
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}
#sidebar .menu li a{
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#sidebar .menu li i {
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#sidebar .menu li:hover{background-color:#headee; transition:all 250ms ease;}
#sidebar .submenu h4{
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#sidebar .submenu h4 i{
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.submenu a{
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.submenu a:last-child{margin-bottom:5px;}
.submenu a i{
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.sidebar-copyright{
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	margin-top:-5px;
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#sidebar .submenu h4.selected{background-color:#headee;}
.selected{background-color:#headee;}
.sidebar-deco{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.1); height:1px; margin:10px 0px 20px 0px; display:block;}
/*Page Content*/
::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 0; }
/*input[id="toggle-menu"]*/
input[data-submenu-items]{
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   top: -9999px;
   left: -9999px;
   /* For mobile, it's typically better to position checkbox on top of clickable
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}
.page-content{
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	margin-bottom:20px;
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.page-content-before{margin-top:-55px;}
.page-content-full{margin-bottom:20px;}
.material-effect{
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.material-news{
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}
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}
.half-material-box-left{
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	margin-bottom:30px;
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}
.half-material-box-right{
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	margin-bottom:30px;
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}
.under-material{
	background-color:#FFFFFF;
	margin-bottom:30px;
	padding:0px 20px;
	margin-top:-50px;
	box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	border-top:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.07);
}
.under-material-link{
	float:right;
	font-weight:700;
	text-transform:uppercase;
	height:50px;
	line-height:50px;
	padding-left:15px;
}
.under-material-icon{
	width:43px;
	height:50px;
	line-height:50px;
	float:right;
	font-size:13px;
}
.under-material-icon[type="facebook"],
.under-material-icon[type="twitter"],
.under-material-icon[type="gplus"]{background-image:none; background-color:transparent;}
.under-material-icon[type="facebook"]:before {content: "\f09a";	color:#3b5998;}
.under-material-icon[type="twitter"]:before {content: "\f099"; color:#4099FF;}
.under-material-icon[type="gplus"]:before { content: "\f0d5"; color:#D34836;}
.under-material-icon[type="facebook"]:before,
.under-material-icon[type="twitter"]:before,
.under-material-icon[type="gplus"]:before{
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}
.body-bg{
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	right:0px;
	bottom:0px;
	z-index:5;
}
/*Header*/
header{
	position:fixed;
	height:60px;
	z-index:9999;
	transition:all 250ms ease;
	left:0px;
	right:0px;
	top:0px;
	box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
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.header-clear{height:60px; display:block;}
.header-icon-1, .header-icon-2{
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	text-align:center; 
	width:60px;
	display:block;
	font-size:14px;
	background-color:transparent;
	color:#000000;
}
.header-icon-2{right:0px; top:0px;}
.header-icon-1{left:0px; top:0px; cursor:pointer;}
.header-logo{
  background-image:url(/media/20190820105522J5.png);
	margin-left:45px;
	background-repeat: no-repeat;
	background-position:center center;
	background-size:80px 14px;
	width:100px;
	height:60px;
	display:block;
}
/*Footer*/
.footer{padding-top:20px;}
.footer-logo{
  background-image:url(/media/20190820105522J5.png);
	background-repeat: no-repeat;
	background-size:120px 20px;
	width:120px;
	height:20px;
	display:block;
	margin:12px auto 15px auto;
}
.footer p:last-child{margin-bottom:0px; margin-top:-15px;}
.footer-socials a{
	width:40px;
	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	margin-left:2px;
	margin-right:2px;
	text-align:center;
	float:left;
}
.footer-socials{
	width:265px;
	margin:0px auto 30px auto;
}
/*Call To Action Bar*/
.call-to-action-box a{
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	float:left;
	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	text-align:center;
	font-weight:700;
	text-transform:uppercase;
	margin-bottom:30px;
}
.news-slider .caption{
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);
}
.caption{
	position:absolute;
	bottom:0px;
	left:0px;
	right:0px;
	height:65px;
	padding-left:20px;
	padding-right:20px;
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
}
.caption h4{
	font-size:14px;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	line-height:20px;
	margin-top:12px;
}
.caption h3{
	color:#FFFFFF;
	margin-bottom:5px;
	font-size:16px;
	padding-top:23px;
	line-height:0px;
}
.caption p{
	font-size:12px;
	color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);
}
/*Staff Slider*/
.staff-slider{
	margin:0 auto;
	display:block;
}
.staff-slider .inner-slide{
	width:240px;
	display:block;
	margin:0 auto;
}
.staff-slider .slide{
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	margin-right:10px;
}
.staff-slider amp-img img{
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}
.staff-slider h2{
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	display:block;
	margin-bottom:-10px;
}
.staff-slider .amp-carousel-button{
	margin-top:50px;
}
/*Quote Slider*/
.quote-slider p{
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	font-weight:200;
	max-width:260px;
	margin:0 auto;
	text-align:center;
	line-height:42px;
	font-style:italic
}
.quote-slider em i{
	font-size:18px;
}
.quote-slider em{
	display:block;
	width:100px;
	margin:30px auto 30px auto;
	color:#f1c40f;
}
.quote-slider a{
	font-size:15px;
	font-weight:700;
	display:block;
	text-align:center;
}
.quote-slider .amp-carousel-button{
	top:100%;
	margin-top:-30px;
}
.social-icons{
	width:150px;
	margin:0 auto;
}
.social-round a{border-radius:50px;}
.social-icons-small{
	width:95px;
	margin:0 auto;
}
.social-icons a{
	line-height:35px;
	width:35px;
	height:35px;
	margin-left:10px;
	margin-right:5px;
	float:left;
	font-size:12px;
	text-align:center;
}
.social-icons-small a{
	line-height:35px;
	width:35px;
	height:35px;
	margin-left:5px;
	margin-right:5px;
	float:left;
	text-align:center;
	display:inline-block;
}
/*Large Link*/
.large-link{
	font-size:12px;
	height:50px;
	line-height:50px;
	color:#000000;
	border-bottom:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}
.large-link .fa-angle-right{
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	right:0px;
	height:50px;
	line-height:50px;
	text-align:center;
}
.large-link i:last-child{margin-right:10px; width:20px; text-align:center;}
/*Heading Block*/
.heading-box{padding:35px 20px 10px 20px; margin-bottom:30px;}
.heading-box h3{margin-bottom:-5px; position:relative; z-index:10;}
.heading-box p{position:relative; z-index:10;}
.page-title{margin-bottom:-60px;}
.heading-block{
	padding:30px 20px;
	margin-bottom:30px;
}
.heading-block h4{
	font-size:20px;
	position:relative;
	z-index:10;
	color:#FFFFFF;
}
.heading-block p{
	position:relative;
	z-index:10;
	color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);
	margin-bottom:0px;
}
.heading-block a{
	z-index:10;
	width:100px;
	height:10px;
	line-height:10px;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	text-align:center;
	font-size:12px;
	margin:20px auto 0px auto;
	border:solid 1px rgba(255,255,255,0.5);
	border-radius:5px;
    display:block;
	text-transform: uppercase;
	font-weight:800;
}
.icon-heading h4{
	padding-left:90px;
	font-size:15px;
}
.icon-heading p{
	line-height:24px;
	padding-left:90px;
}
.icon-heading i{
	border-radius:10px;
	position:absolute;
	width:70px;
	height:70px;
	line-height:70px;
	margin-top:5px;
	text-align:center;
	font-size:24px;
}
.quote-style h4, .quote-style h5{
	font-weight:300;
	margin-left:25px;
	margin-right:25px;
	text-align:center;
	line-height:40px;
}
.rating{
	width:80px;
	margin:20px auto 20px auto;
	display:block; 
}
/*Half Columns*/
.half-column-left{
	width:45%;
	float:left;
}
.half-column-right{
	width:45%;
	float:left;
}
.center-column-icon{
	font-size:28px;
	text-align:center;
	display:block;
}
/*Gallery*/
.gallery-thumb{
	width:31%;
	float:left;
	margin-bottom:3%;
}
.gallery-thumb p{margin-bottom:10px; line-height:20px; padding-top:5px; text-align:center; font-size:13px;}
.gallery-round .gallery-thumb{border-radius:100px}
.gallery-wide .gallery-thumb-wide{margin-bottom:5px;}
.gallery-wide h4{
	position:absolute;
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);
	color:#FFFFFF;
	z-index:99;
	height:50px;
	line-height:50px;
	margin-top:-55px;
	width:100%;
	padding-left:20px;
	font-weight:300;
	font-size:14px;
	pointer-events:none;
}
.gallery-thumb:nth-child(3n-1){
	margin-left:3%;
	margin-right:3%;
}
/*Splash Page*/
.splash-content .splash-logo{
	background-image:url(/template/amp/images/amp-logo.png);
	background-size:80px 80px;
	width:80px;
	height:80px;
	margin:-30px auto 20px auto;
}
.splash-content{
	position:fixed;
	width:240px;
	height:350px;
	left:50%;
	top:50%;
	margin-top:-140px;
	margin-left:-120px;
}
.splash-button{
	width:130px;
	margin:0 auto;
	text-align:center;
	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	font-size:12px;
}
/*Landing Content*/
.landing-logo{
	background-image:url(/template/amp/images/logo_light.png);
	background-size:130px 35px;
	margin:0 auto;
	height:35px;
	width:130px;
	margin-top:20px;
}
.landing-content{
	width:300px;
	margin:40px auto 30px auto;
}
.landing-content a{
	width:70px;
	height:70px;
	float:left;
	margin:0px 15px 60px 15px;
	border-radius:70px;
	line-height:70px;
	font-size:21px;
	text-align:center;
}
.landing-content a em{
	position:absolute;
	font-size:14px;
	width:70px;
	text-align:center;
	bottom:-60px;
	left:0px;
	right:0px;
	font-style:normal;
}
/*Accordion Styles*/
.accordion h4{
	background-color:transparent;
	border:none;
}
.accordion h4{
	font-size:16px;
	line-height:40px;
}
.accordion h4 i{
	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	position:absolute;
	right:0px;
	font-size:12px;
}
.nested-accordion h4{
	font-size:14px;
}
section[expanded] .fa-plus{	transform:rotate(45deg);}
section[expanded] .fa-angle-down{	transform:rotate(180deg);}
section[expanded] .fa-chevron-down{	transform:rotate(180deg);}
/*Fonts*/
.demo-icons a{
	color:#FFFFFF; 
	width:20%;
	height:50px;
	float:left;
}
.demo-icons a i{
	color:#1f1f1f; 
	font-size:21px;
	width:50px;
	height:50px; 
	float:left; 
	text-align:center; 
	overflow:hidden;
}
/*User Notifications*/
.user-notification{
	text-align:left;
	padding-top:5px;
	padding-left:10px;
	padding-right:10px;
	background-color:#27ae60;
	height:50px;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	font-size:12px;
	line-height:24px;
	width:70%;
	float:left;
}
.user-notification button{
	background-color:#27ae60;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	height:55px;
	position:fixed;
	right:0px;
	bottom:0px;
	width:25%;
}
/*Inputs*/
.text-input{
	height:45px;
	line-height:45px;
	text-indent: 10px;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	display:block;
	width:100%;
	font-size:12px;
}
.input-icon-field{
	height:45px;
	line-height:45px;
	text-indent: 50px;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	display:block;
	width:100%;
	font-size:12px;
}
.input-icon i{
	position:absolute;
	z-index:9;
	height:45px;
	line-height:45px;
	text-align:center;
	width:45px;
	color:#666666;
}
.select-style {
    border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
    width: 100%;
	height:45px;
	display:block;
    border-radius: 3px;
    overflow: hidden;
    background: #FFFFFF url("data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDwAUAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAAPABQAAAIXjI+py+0Po5wH2HsXzmw//lHiSJZmUAAAOw==") no-repeat 95% 50%;
}
.select-style select {
	font-size:12px;
	line-height:35px;
    padding: 5px 15px;
    width: 100%;
    border: none;
    box-shadow: none;
    background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);
    background-image: none;
    -webkit-appearance: none;
}
.select-style select:focus {
    outline: none;
}
/*Dropcaps*/
.dropcaps-1:first-letter{
    float:left;
    font-size:57px;
	padding:14px 15px 0px 0px;
    font-weight:800;
    color:#1f1f1f;
}
.dropcaps-2:first-letter{
    font-family: 'Times New Roman', sans-serif;
    float:left;
    font-size:42px;
	padding:15px 15px 0px 0px;
    font-weight:800;
    color:#1f1f1f;
}
.dropcaps-3:first-letter{
    background-color:#1f1f1f;
	padding:10px 15px 10px 15px;
	margin:5px 12px 0px 0px;
    float:left;
    font-size:24px;
    font-weight:800;
    color:#FFFFFF;
}
.dropcaps-4:first-letter{
    font-family: 'Times New Roman', sans-serif;
    font-weight:800;
    background-color:#1f1f1f;
	padding:8px 17px 8px 17px;
	margin:5px 12px 0px 0px;
    float:left;
    font-size:20px;
    font-weight:400;
    color:#FFFFFF;
}
/*Highlights*/
.highlight{margin-bottom:10px;}
.highlight span{padding:3px 5px 3px 5px; margin-right:2px;}
ol ul{	padding-left:5px;}
ol, ul{line-height:24px; margin-left:20px;}
.icon-list{list-style:none; margin-left:0px; padding-left:0px;}
.icon-list i{font-size:10px;}
.icon-list ul{list-style:none; padding-left:10px;}
.icon-list ul ul{padding-left:10px;}
/*Blockquotes*/
.blockquote-1{border-left:solid 3px #1f1f1f; padding:10px 0px 10px 20px;}
.blockquote-1 a{text-align:right; margin-top:-20px;  font-size:12px;}
.blockquote-2 .blockquote-image{position:absolute; border-radius:50px;}
.blockquote-2 h5{padding-left:60px;}
.blockquote-2 .first-icon{padding-left:60px;}
.blockquote-2 a{text-align:right; margin-top:-20px; font-size:12px;}
.blockquote-3 .blockquote-image{width:150px; border-radius:150px; margin:0 auto; display:block;}
.blockquote-3 h5{margin:10px 0px 10px 0px;}
.blockquote-3 .ratings{width:100px; margin:10px auto 10px auto;}
.blockquote-3 .ratings i{font-size:18px;}
.blockquote-4 i{font-size:24px; position:absolute; margin-top:10px;}
.blockquote-4 p{padding-left:50px;}
/*Buttons*/
.button{
	display:inline-block;
	padding:13px 20px;
	margin:0px 0px 10px 0px;
	font-size:12px;
	transition:all 250ms ease;
}
.button-3d{
	display:inline-block;
	padding:12px 20px;
	margin:0px 0px 10px 0px;
	font-size:12px;
	transition:all 250ms ease;
	border-right:none;
	border-left:none;
	border-top:none;
	border-width:4px;
}
.button-round{border-radius:30px;}
.button-full{display: block; text-align: center;}
.button-center{width:130px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display:block; text-align:center;}
.button:hover{opacity:0.9; transition:all 250ms ease;}
.icon-square, .icon-round{
	width:40px;
	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	text-align:center;
	display:inline-block;
	margin-left:6px;
	margin-right:6px;
	margin-bottom:10px;
	font-size:14px;
}
.icon-square:hover, .icon-round:hover{opacity:0.9;}
.icon-round{border-radius:45px;}
/*Page 404*/
.page-404 h1{font-size:60px; line-height:70px; margin-top:70px;}
.page-404 a{margin-bottom:100px;}
.page-soon h1{font-size:60px; line-height:70px; margin-top:70px;}
.page-soon h6{font-size:24px;}
.page-soon .social-icons{margin-bottom:100px;}
/*Profile Page*/
.profile-gradient{
    background: -moz-linear-gradient(top,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0.95) 75%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);
    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0.95) 75%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);
    background: linear-gradient(to bottom,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0.95) 75%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);
    filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#00ffffff',endColorstr='#ffffff',GradientType=0);
    height: 250px;
    margin-top: -235px;
}
.profile-overlay .profile-header{margin-top:-80px}
.profile-header h1{font-size:30px;}
.profile-header h6{letter-spacing:2px; opacity:0.5;}
.profile-header h5{font-size:12px;}
.profile-header i{margin-right:10px;}
.profile-header p{font-size:18px;}
.profile-followers a{float:left; width:33%; color:#1f1f1f; font-size:18px;}
.profile-followers em{display:block; font-style:normal; font-size:12px;}
.profile-thumb{margin-top:-50px; width:100px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display:block; border-radius:100px; border-radius:100px; border:solid 3px #FFFFFF;}
/*Timeline 1*/
.timeline-1{overflow:hidden; padding:0px }
.timeline-1 .timeline-deco{
	position:absolute;
	top:0px;
	left:50%;
	width:1px;
	bottom:0px;
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
}
.timeline-1 .timeline-icon{
	width:60px;
	height:60px;
	border-radius:60px;
	line-height:60px;
	text-align:center;
	font-size:18px;
	background-color:#FFFFFF;
	box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	margin:0px auto 30px auto;
}
.timeline-1 .container{background-color:#FFFFFF; padding:30px 20px 20px 20px; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}
.timeline-2{overflow:hidden; padding:50px 20px 0px 20px; margin-top:-25px; margin-bottom:50px;}
.timeline-2 .timeline-deco{
	top:0px;
	position:absolute;
	left:50px;
	width:1px;
	bottom:0px;
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
}
.timeline-2 .timeline-icon{
	width:40px;
	height:40px;
	border-radius:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	text-align:center;
	font-size:18px;
	background-color:#FFFFFF;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
	margin-left:10px;
}
.timeline-2 .container{
	background-color:#FFFFFF; 
	margin-left:70px;
	margin-top:-60px;
	padding:10px;
	box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}
/*News Slider*/
.news-slider .amp-carousel-button{display:none;}
.news-slider{margin-bottom:10px;}
/*News Thumbs*/
.news-thumbs .news-item{
	min-height:125px;
	color:#1f1f1f;
}
.news-thumbs .news-item .responsive-img{
	width:95px;
	position:absolute;
	margin-top:5px;
}
.news-thumbs .news-item h5{
	margin-left:110px;
	font-size:15px;
}
.news-thumbs .news-item p{
	margin-left:110px;
	line-height:27px;
	margin-bottom:0px;
	font-size:13px;
}
/*News Strip*/
.news-strip{
	background-color:#000000;
	padding:20px 0px 20px 0px;
	margin-bottom:30px;
}
.news-strip h5{
	font-weight:800;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	padding:0px 20px 20px 20px;
}
/*News Cateogry*/
.news-category p{
	display:inline-block;
	padding:5px 25px 0px 25px;
	font-size:13px;
	margin:0px;
}
.news-category div{
	height:5px;
	width:100%;
}
/*News Block*/
.news-blocks .news-item{
	min-height:125px;
	color:#1f1f1f;
}
.news-blocks .news-item h5{
	font-size:18px;
	padding:15px 0px 5px 0px;
}
/*News full*/
.news-full .news-item{margin-top:1px;}
.news-full .news-item h6{
	position:absolute;
	background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);
	bottom:0px;
	width:100%;
	color:#FFFFFF;
	padding:10px 10px 10px 10px;
}
.news-full .titles{
	position:absolute;
	background-color:#FFFFFF;
	width:250px;
	height:65px;
	margin-top:-65px;
}
.news-full h5{
	font-size:13px;
	padding:10px 20px 0px 20px;
	color:#000000;
}
.news-full em a{display:inline;}
.news-full em{font-size:10px; padding-left:20px; display:block;}
.news-full p{padding:10px 20px 0px 20px;}
.news-full .read-more{
	padding-right:20px;
	text-align:right;
	font-size:12px;
	padding-bottom:30px;
}
/*News Posts*/
.news-post-info{
	font-style:normal;
	font-size:12px;
	padding:5px 0px 15px 0px;
	display:block;
}
.news-post-info a{
	display:inline;
	
}
/*Contact Page*/
.contactField{
	font-family:'Roboto', sans-serif;
	height:40px;
	line-height:40px;
	line-height:100%;
	width:100%;
	display:block;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	text-indent:10px;
	font-size:13px;
	transition:all 250ms ease;
	margin-bottom:20px;
}
.contactField:focus{
	border:solid 1px rgb(39, 174, 96);
	transition:all 250ms ease;
}
.contactTextarea{
	font-family:'Roboto', sans-serif;
	padding-top:10px;
	min-height:80px;
	line-height:40px;
	line-height:100%;
	width:100%;
	display:block;
	border:solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
	text-indent:10px;
	font-size:13px;
	transition:all 250ms ease;
	margin-bottom:30px;
}
.contactTextarea:focus{
	transition:all 250ms ease;
	border:solid 1px rgb(39, 174, 96);
}
.field-title{
	font-size:13px; 
	margin-bottom:5px;
}
.field-title span{
	font-size:10px;
	color:#cacaca;
	position:absolute;
	right:0px;
	margin-top:2px;
}
.buttonWrap{
	width:100%;
	display:block;
	text-align:center;
	margin-bottom:0px;
    appearance:none;
    -webkit-appearance:none;
}
.contact-icon{
	color:#666666;
	line-height:30px;
}
.contact-icon i{
	color:#1f1f1f;
	width:30px;
}
</style>
<style amp-boilerplate="">body{-webkit-animation:-amp-start 8s steps(1,end) 0s 1 normal both;-moz-animation:-amp-start 8s steps(1,end) 0s 1 normal both;-ms-animation:-amp-start 8s steps(1,end) 0s 1 normal both;animation:-amp-start 8s steps(1,end) 0s 1 normal both}@-webkit-keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@-moz-keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@-ms-keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@-o-keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@keyframes -amp-start{from{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}</style><noscript><style amp-boilerplate="">body{-webkit-animation:none;-moz-animation:none;-ms-animation:none;animation:none}</style></noscript>
<script type="application/ld+json">
{
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"mainEntityOfPage":{
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   "@id":"https://www.shaoxingwater.com/amp.php?type=newsinfo&S_id=1916"
},
"headline": "莽山模式：PPP的探索范本",
"image": {
   "@type": "ImageObject",
   "url": "https://www.shaoxingwater.com/images/nopic.png",
   "height": 800,
   "width": 800
},
"datePublished": "2015-12-16T13:41:10+08:00",
"dateModified": "2015-12-16T13:41:10+08:00",
"author": {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "柯桥水务"
},
"publisher": {
   "@type": "Organization",
   "name": "绍兴柯桥水务集团有限公司",
   "logo": {
     "@type": "ImageObject",
     "url": "https://www.shaoxingwater.com/media/20190820105522J5.png",
     "width": 600,
     "height": 60
   }
},
"description": ""
}
</script></head>

	
<body>		
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			<h4 class="news-post-title">莽山模式：PPP的探索范本</h4>
			<em class="news-post-info half-bottom">in <a href="//www.shaoxingwater.com/amp.php?type=news&S_id=123">行业新闻</a> by <a href="#">柯桥水务</a></em>


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				<div class="news_content">&nbsp;
　　□本报记者 董自刚 刘耀祥 滕红真 熊云科 王琳
&nbsp;
　　历经60余年迟迟不能&ldquo;上马&rdquo;的项目，为何一跃成为今年首个开工的重大水利工程？在我国众多面临资金困境的待建水库中，为何她能脱颖而出？
&nbsp;
　　&ldquo;这一切要得益于莽山水库率先试水PPP模式。&rdquo;水库所在地湖南省宜章县水利局副局长王科深有感触。
&nbsp;
　　机遇 创新实现弯道超车
&nbsp;
　　水利工程的基础性、公益性决定了公共财政是建设资金投入主体。然而，受庞大的资金需求与有限的财政供给制约，一大批需建想建的项目只能在排队中等候，莽山水库便是其中之一。
&nbsp;
　　早在20世纪50年代，宜章县就着手启动莽山水库规划工作，并先后4次对规划进行修改、完善、申报，但由于地方财政困难及其他种种原因，都没有取得实质性进展。2006年7月，一场百年不遇的特大洪灾给宜章造成重创，莽山水库作为解决南部地区洪涝灾害唯一有效的工程措施，被要求重新上马的呼声骤然高涨。
&nbsp;
　　呼声背后顶层设计的高位推动，为水库开工建设提供了强力政策保障。
&nbsp;
　　2011年中央1号文件和中央水利工作会议，使水利行业如沐春风，有关水利投融资体制改革的新思路、新举措破茧而出。习近平总书记在&ldquo;节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理、两手发力&rdquo;的新时期中央水利工作方针中特别强调，保障水安全要坚持政府作用和市场机制两手协同发力。李克强总理多次强调，水利工程建设不能只靠政府，要更多运用市场机制，让民间资本在水利建设运营领域尝到甜头，大显身手。国家发改委、财政部、水利部联合发布《关于鼓励和引导社会资本参与重大水利工程建设运营的实施意见》，明确提出一系列优惠扶持政策，解决了社会资本&ldquo;进不来&rdquo;&ldquo;不愿进&rdquo;的卡壳问题，打开了社会资本通向重大水利工程建设运营的大门。
&nbsp;
　　良好的政策环境使工程建设驶入快车道。
&nbsp;
　　2012年12月，国家发改委明确了莽山水库要以公开招标项目法人作为建设前提，即工程建设要吸引社会资本参与，政府投资不再是工程唯一的资金来源；2014年5月，国务院常务会议将莽山水库列入全国172项重大水利工程；今年5月21日，湖南省省长杜家毫宣布工程开工&hellip;&hellip;
&nbsp;
　　终于，一个当地老百姓期待了60多年的莽山水库梦即将实现。
&nbsp;
　　湖南省水利厅规划计划处副处长刘世奇介绍说：&ldquo;国家层面强力推动，鼓励社会资本参与水利建设运营，意在达到政府与民间资本互利双赢的目的。莽山水库正是因为采用了PPP模式，才能顺利实现&lsquo;弯道超车&rsquo;，快速进入建设阶段。&rdquo;
&nbsp;
　　磨合 权衡利益共同推进
&nbsp;
　　PPP模式是在政府和社会主体间构筑起&ldquo;利益共享、风险共担、全程合作&rdquo;的共同体关系，以减轻政府财政负担，降低社会主体投资风险。
&nbsp;
　　莽山水库在推进PPP模式建设的起始阶段，便遭遇政企&ldquo;联姻&rdquo;的&ldquo;下马威&rdquo;。这源于工程面临的第一个难题：拿什么来吸引社会资本？
&nbsp;
　　莽山水库是一座以防洪、灌溉为主，兼顾城镇供水与发电等综合利用的水利枢纽工程。总库容1.33亿立方米，设计灌溉面积31.2万亩，是珠江流域湖南境内唯一的大型水库。不过，其设计城镇年平均供水量仅为2227万立方米，电站装机仅有1.8万千瓦，水库社会效益显著，经济效益较差，投资回报期长，社会资本参与热情并不高。
&nbsp;
　　2013年1月，宜章县正式启动了项目法人招标工作。此后的一年多时间里，经历了4次流标。残酷的现实迫使宜章重新审视招标投标门槛，力求在法律法规允许范围内提供更多优惠政策。
&nbsp;
　　县政协党组副书记、副主席张利海说，&ldquo;兜底式&rdquo;收益保障机制打消了社会资本对政府资本到位慢，影响成本回收及获取合理利润的顾虑，为顺利招标带来希望。县政府弥补城镇供水、农业灌溉出库水费收入不足的部分，确保项目法人年收入达到设计要求的5000万元。同时，将40年的水库库区旅游开发权授予项目法人，并在县城规划区划出500亩土地作为灌区工程融资的担保。
&nbsp;
　　橄榄枝一抛出，便引来企业报名投标。2014年9月，历时近两年先后进行5次招标投标的莽山水库，最终招标成功。广东水电二局股份有限公司、深圳市金群园林实业发展有限公司、郴州市坤之源矿业有限公司组建的投标联合体被确定为社会资本方，并成立特许经营项目公司&mdash;&mdash;莽山水库开发建设有限公司。
&nbsp;
　　按照国家发改委对莽山水库项目可研阶段批复的总投资16.137亿元，中央预算内投资45%，约7.26亿元，剩余55%的投资则需由地方配套和社会融资渠道解决。张利海向记者介绍，经专业测算，在保证项目法人合理收益，并综合考虑特许经营权44年（含建设期4年）的前提下，项目法人以4.2亿元成功竞标，约占总投资的26%。省市县地方财政配套4.68亿元，约占总投资的29%。
&nbsp;
　　明确的资金来源和结构为项目建设搭建了基础框架。至此，一波五折的招标工作尘埃落定，政府栽下的&ldquo;梧桐树&rdquo;真正引来了&ldquo;金凤凰&rdquo;。
&nbsp;
　　不过，由于可资借鉴的经验少、没有正规合同文本等原因，政府和社会资本真正的博弈其实才刚刚开始。
&nbsp;
　　在政企合作中，双方有共同的&ldquo;三怕&rdquo;：怕对方违约影响协议履行，怕国家政策变化影响项目收益，怕内部矛盾影响项目建设经营。除了共同的担忧外，各自面临的现实问题也愈发突出：成本控制、质量监督等问题使政府参建人员背负压力；政府强力监管，手续层层传导使习惯市场化操作的项目法人不得不重新适应&ldquo;游戏规则&rdquo;。
&nbsp;
　　&ldquo;合作是为了减少政府投资，分散风险。&rdquo;张利海说，尽管项目法人投入不少，但县财政配套压力仍然较大，特别是灌溉、供水还需要长期&ldquo;兜底&rdquo;。此外，按照招标文件，项目法人出资不变，政府还将承担工程调整概算的巨大压力。
&nbsp;
　　对于政府来说，规避投资风险势在必行。县政府要求加强合同及计划管理，项目法人需严格控制工程进度款支付比例，并按要求进行主要材料、机电设备、金属结构的招标工作；同时，考虑到莽山水库工程承包方是参与投资的广东水电二局，为增加透明度、强化监督，水库建设监理和设计均由政府组织招标，以增强对项目建设进度、资金、质量的保障。
&nbsp;
　　相对而言，项目法人关心的则是政府承诺政策的兑现。&ldquo;政策、物价有变化的可能，莽山水库在长达40年的特许经营期内，政府能否兑现承诺，将直接影响收益情况。&rdquo;广东水电二局派驻项目现场的技术负责人黄祖成说，&ldquo;政府在强力监管的同时，也应给项目法人留有自主权和灵活性，不能以权力压制企业经营决策。&rdquo;
&nbsp;
　　如今，政企双方在不断探索中交锋磨合，在利益权衡中共同推进。双方约定了风险防范分担机制，完善了各类资金管理使用办法，并从顶层设计上构建了沟通协调机制。除政府直接派员作为项目公司监事外，还成立了&ldquo;六人运营协调委员会&rdquo;的最高议事机构，双方各出三人，统筹各项事务。
&nbsp;
　　任何一种新生事物总是在面对挑战中前行。在多方关注下，莽山水库进展顺利，喜讯频传。截至11月11日，中央、省、县以及项目法人今年计划资金4亿元已全部到位；11月27日，在第一批移民过渡期搬迁协议全部签订后，莽山水库枢纽工程成功截流。
&nbsp;
　　期待 &nbsp;夯实新型合作基础
&nbsp;
　　&ldquo;PPP不是一场婚礼，而更像一段婚姻&rdquo;，业界流传的这句话昭示着共同体关系的建立并非一蹴而就，而是需要相互磨合，才可细水长流。顺利推进合作的坚实基础就是双方对契约精神的尊重，以实现优势互补、风险同担、利益共享。
&nbsp;
　　党的十八届五中全会将创新发展作为&ldquo;十三五&rdquo;期间必须牢固树立并切实贯彻的理念。而把PPP模式&ldquo;引进来&rdquo;，本身就已经是一种理念和制度的创新。政府用有限的投资撬动庞大的社会资本市场，所带来的影响将是深远而难以估量的。
&nbsp;
　　湖南省水利厅厅长詹晓安说，PPP模式激活了水利建设市场，对完善水利工程项目的管理架构和制度起到积极推动作用。要想实现双赢，双方需要更好地适应角色。
&nbsp;
　　结合PPP模式的优势及莽山水库建设实践来看，政府需要充分尊重市场规则，工作人员应摒弃一贯的工作思维模式，学会和社会资本打交道，由&ldquo;管理者&rdquo;向&ldquo;监管者、合作者&rdquo;转变。社会资本也应认识到不能以趋利为唯一目的，需要综合权衡得失，保障&ldquo;联姻&rdquo;长久。&ldquo;参与莽山水库建设是公司发展战略转型和资质提升的需要。除货币形式的收益外，这里的生态资源、潜在效益也是我们看重的。&rdquo;联合投标中的最大股东，深圳市金群园林实业发展有限公司董事长叶锡伟道出莽山水库显著的综合效益。
&nbsp;
　　纵观国内外PPP项目建设实际，它所带来的好处是显而易见的。宜章县委书记王建球认为，采取PPP模式有利于发挥市场主导作用，加快建设进度，缓解政府资金压力。同时，有利于引进先进管理人才和经验，降低政府管理成本，提供优质公共服务。
&nbsp;
　　重构资金来源渠道，重构建管双方关系，重构工程管护手段&mdash;&mdash;莽山水库正一步步探索着水利工程建设的新路子，每一次大胆尝试、每一次交锋磨合都显得弥足珍贵。与其他11个国家层面试水PPP的项目一起，&ldquo;莽山水库们&rdquo;正在描绘一幅具有重要历史意义的水利投融资体制改革画卷。在画卷徐徐展开的同时，敞开大门迎接社会资本，构建牢固利益共同体，不断加快水利建设步伐的开放之路变得愈发明朗。
&nbsp;
　　PPP模式这把&ldquo;金钥匙&rdquo;使跨越半个多世纪的梦想照进现实，为宜章这个国家扶贫攻坚重点县带来新的发展希望，更为推动我国水利投融资体制改革提供宝贵借鉴。
&nbsp;
【短评】 勇啃&ldquo;硬骨头&rdquo;&nbsp;
&nbsp;
　　近年来，水利部党组按照中央全面深化改革的总体部署，找准改革突破口，积极探索，大胆创新，力推各项水利改革向&ldquo;深水区&rdquo;迈进。在各项改革中，投融资体制改革无疑是&ldquo;硬骨头&rdquo;。
&nbsp;
　　党的十八届五中全会把水利摆在我国基础设施网络建设的&ldquo;首位&rdquo;，其重要性不言而喻。由于其基础性、公益性和战略性特征，公共财政一直是水利投入的主渠道，占比超过80%。虽然全国水利建设投资大幅度增加，但与投资需求相比仍有较大缺口，需要按照&ldquo;两手发力&rdquo;的要求，加快完善水利投入稳定增长机制。此外，充分利用当前我国原材料成本相对较低的时期，做大水利&ldquo;蛋糕&rdquo;，办成一些多年想办而未办的大事，补齐水利发展&ldquo;短板&rdquo;，对稳增长、惠民生也具有强烈的现实意义。
&nbsp;
　　深化投融资体制改革是水利改革的重要组成部分。水利部明确提出，要积极鼓励社会资本参与水利建设。湖南莽山水库在项目经济指标不佳的情况下，通过试水PPP模式，采取&ldquo;分类建设、政府兜底、政策打捆&rdquo;等措施，办到了宜章人民在传统体制框架内多年想办却没有办成的事。尽管这项改革仍在探索中，但这种精神弥足珍贵，魄力值得点赞，对整个行业的示范引领和辐射带动作用远超事件本身。
&nbsp;
　　借鉴莽山水库建设经验，首先是思想变革、观念革命，要打破传统的思想禁锢，减少不必要的担忧；要有紧迫感和强烈的担当意识，抓住重要的战略机遇期，促使重大水利工程早日建成发挥作用，惠及千万百姓；要优化方案，通过各种手段提高水利工程建设管理收益水平，在依靠各级财政投入的同时，把眼光更多瞄准市场，充分利用市场&ldquo;看不见的手&rdquo;；要更加注重契约精神，加强顶层设计，夯实合作基础，政府充分发挥政府信用和政策制定的杠杆作用，企业扮演好自己的角色，实现互利双赢，甚至是互利多赢。
&nbsp;
　　改革从来不是一蹴而就，模式也不可能一成不变。借鉴&ldquo;莽山模式&rdquo;，吸引社会资本参与建设的路径有千万条，只要不墨守成规，只要把握精髓，积极尝试，敢于啃&ldquo;硬骨头&rdquo;，体制裂变带来的能量一定不可低估。
&nbsp;
　　来源：中国水利报&nbsp;
&nbsp;
作者: 董自刚 刘耀祥 滕红真 熊云科 王琳
责任编辑：段玲玲
&nbsp;</div>
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